Paragraph and Essay Development - Definition and Examples

In composition, development (also known as elaboration) is the process of adding informative and illustrative details to support the main idea in a paragraph or essay. Paragraphs and essays can be developed in many different ways. In conventional composition courses, the following patterns of exposition are often presented as the standard methods of development in expository writing: Observations on Development [The] methods of development arent empty jugs to pour full of any old, dull words. Neither are they straitjackets woven by fiendish English teachers to pin your writing arm to your side and keep you from expressing yourself naturally. The methods are tools for achieving your purpose in writing, whatever that purpose may be. They can help you discover what you know, what you need to know, how to think critically about your subject, and how to shape your writing.—From The Bedford Reader by X.J. and Dorothy M. Kennedy The Importance of Providing Supporting Details Possibly the most serious—and most common—weakness of all essays by novice writers is the lack of effectively developed body paragraphs. The information in each paragraph must adequately explain, exemplify, define, or in some other way support your topic sentence. Therefore, you must include enough supporting information or evidence in each paragraph to make your readers understand your topic sentence. Moreover, you must make the information in the paragraph clear and specific enough for the readers to accept your ideas.—From Steps to Writing Well by Jean Wyrick Body-Building What the opening of an essay promises, the body of the essay must deliver. This is known as developing your ideas, but I like to use a body-building metaphor because it implies adding not just bulk to a framework, but musculature. In other words, good essay development strengthens, not merely fills out. . . . What is the best way to reinforce the main idea of your essay? You can do some by making good use of any combination of the following six methods of development: StatisticsComparisonClassification and DivisionExample, case-in-pointQuotationCharacterization,  dialogue By using these bodybuilding elements, you are telling your readers, I dont expect you to take my word for these claims; I want you to see for yourself!—From LifeWriting: Drawing from Personal Experience to Create Features You Can Publish by Fred D. White Multiple Patterns of Development Although most short papers may employ one primary pattern with other patterns woven throughout, longer papers may have two or more primary patterns of development. For example, if you are writing a paper on the causes and effects of child abuse in the foster care system, you might, after the causal analysis, shift the primary focus of the essay to prevention, thus continuing the essay with a process analysis of what the state might do to prevent child abuse. Then you might end the essay by addressing the objections from those defending the system, shifting the focus of the essay to argumentation. Your decision to include other primary patterns depends on your purpose and audience. Your thesis makes your purpose clear to your reader. Then as you develop your essay, you may integrate other patterns into your paragraphs.—From Bridges to Better Writing by Luis Nazario, Deborah Borchers, and William Lewis Further Resources AnalogyCause and EffectClassification and DivisionComparison and ContrastCurrent-Traditional RhetoricExampleExtended DefinitionModels of CompositionProcess Analysis Sources Kennedy, X.J.; Kennedy, Dorothy M. The Bedford Reader, Seventh Edition. Bedford/St. Martins, 2000White, Fred D. LifeWriting: Drawing from Personal Experience to Create Features You Can Publish. Quill Driver Books, 2004Nazario, Luis; Borchers, Deborah; Lewis, William; Bridges to Better Writing. Wadsworth. 2010

Animal Testing Should Be Banned Animals For Operations For...

First off Vivisection is the practice that uses living animals for operations for the purpose of experimentation or scientific research. In shorter words vivisection is a type of animal testing. Aristotle used animal testing in 384-322 BC(Hajar 1). This just shows animal testing has been going on for decades. Vivisection is viewed as a harmful abusive practice to animals. If their was a way to demolish vivisection in the future there would be other alternatives that would replace it. Scientists are starting to develop and finalize alternatives to vivisection. The alternatives that have been found are in vitro test methods , virtual drug trials , computer models/simulations , stem cell and genetic testing methods , non-invasive imaging techniques and microdosing(NEAVS 1). If animal testing was demolished some benefits would be that scientific tests would be more accurate because animal testing is not 100 percent accurate , human tissue is more accurate for toxicity, cost is more achi evable and products that are cruelty free are more environmentally friendly. It is widely assumed, and asserted by advocates of animal research, that those similarities that exist are most pronounced in non-human primates (NHPs) compared to other non-human animals, given their relatively recent evolutionary divergence from, and high degree of genetic identity to, humans. Therefore, they argue, NHPs must serve as the best models for researching human biology, in cases where human subjectsShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Research On Cosmetics And Its Effects On Society1604 Words   |  7 PagesBlinded by Beauty On average, 26 million animals are used every year for the use of research on cosmetics. 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‘Still I Rise Free Essays

Maya Angelinos famous poem ‘Still I Rise’ Is an Intriguing poem that shows the poet’s point of view on many different Issues revolving around slavery and racism towards African-Americans. Maya Angelo was born on the 24th April, 1 928 and In 1978 she wrote the poem ‘Still I Rise’. She is known as the Global Renaissance Woman for being a warrior to earn equality, tolerance and peace. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Still I Rise or any similar topic only for you Order Now She herself is an African-American Oman who experienced racial discrimination. Maya expresses her experiences towards these issues in her writing. Introduction Talk about the context of your poem, including: The poet’s life Important events in the time period If you are doing a song, you may play some of It. However, you must still read It as If It were a poem. Maya Angelo wrote this poem to show oppressors that no matter what they say or do, she will keep rising up. She gives a message to all African-Americans to have argue and confidence, to stand up to their oppressors and display to them that they are proud of whom they are. Audience and purpose The tone of the poem suggests that she is determined to get to where she wants to go and that she is proud and sure of what she is doing. The repetition of ‘I rise’ conveys that she will rise higher than the oppressor and challenge him to keep her down. But, the fact that It’s repeated shows that she has to do it more than once and it makes you feel frustrated and sorry for her. She also Inspires you with her resistance to prove her point and you feel triumphant when she finally gets there. Talk about the mood and tone of the poem. Use evidence from the poem to make your points. Quatrains are used for most of the poem with a rhyme scheme of ABACA which makes this poem is a ballad. But, in the last stanza it changes to emphasis the idea that she will rise. She writes, ‘Up from a past that’s rooted in pain, I rise’ and then later on in the stanza ‘Into a daybreak that’s wondrously clear, I rise’. Here she is saying that he will move on and forget her struggles and misfortunes and become a new person who will be Jubilant and untroubled. Talk about the structure and form of the poem. Does It have a rhyme scheme? What Is Its meter (rhythmic pattern)? (such as assonance, alliteration, meter) are used? Maya leaves no spaces for anyone else’s voice but her own. She silences all of her oppressors and shows them that she Whose point of view is represented in the poem? Whose voice is heard? Whose voice is silenced? Conclusion Sum up the overall message of the poem. How to cite ‘Still I Rise, Papers

Analysis of Karen Press Glimpses of Women in Overalls free essay sample

Topic: Analysis of Karen Press’s Glimpses of women in overalls The title of the poem lends itself to how the poem is constructed. â€Å"Glimpses† of four different aspects of the women’s lives are given, in short, image rich parts. Each aspect is given a ‘heading’ as such, giving the reader a clear picture on the context of the stanza(s) that follow. live-in† is the aspect of how the women live their life with their employers on their property, â€Å"off duty† is the aspect of the women in their own quarters, yet not truly their own, the third aspect â€Å"one of the family† is how the women see themselves, and are seen, within the employers family dynamic. â€Å"Women in overalls† leaves one with the strong image of working women, and as most of Karen Press’s poems are written in the context of the apartheid era, it would be safe to assume that they are black domestic workers. Chapman, 2002: 446) The poem is written in free verse and makes extensive use of alliteration and consonance throughout. This is immediately evident in the first stanza with the use of the‘t’. The repetition of the‘t’ gives the reader the image of a cat lightly walking on a hot stove, which lends to the image of the â€Å"tin† being â€Å"too hot†. Similarly the repetition of the ‘c’ in the last line of the stanza allows the reader to almost feel the â€Å"cold†. Chapman 2002: 446 line 2-4) This first stanza gives the reader some insight into how the domestic worker experienced something as simple as eating, but I feel that it also gives us an inkling on how they experienced life in general. There are two extremes in this stanza; on the one hand the scorching heat, and on the other the cold that causes fat to coagulate immediately. For many black South Africans of that time, that is how life was; working in the heat during the day, and going home to small tin shacks that held no warmth at night. The second stanza is rich with imagery and metaphors. There is also an example of synesthesia in the line â€Å"to seep like perfume†. (Chapman 2002: 446 line 6)It is also in stark contrast to the first stanza. While the first stanza gives us the image of poverty, â€Å"tin†, the second gives us the image of wealth â€Å"china†, happiness and warmth â€Å"moist cells that glow with pleasure†. There is also a comparison in how the food is experienced; on the one hand â€Å"coagulation† gives us the image of blandness while â€Å"incredible flavours† gives us the sense of variety. This directly relates to how the two cultures or people lived. The second aspect of the poem, gives us a glimpse into the private or â€Å"off duty† time of the worker. In this instance the setting is in the workers bedroom as is indicated by the phrase â€Å"the door bursting open†. This phrase also shows us that their â€Å"off duty† does not strictly mean not working. The last three lines of stanza three are short and unfinished questions. There is however no need to complete them as they speak volumes and convey the meaning exactly as they are. All three ‘questions’ are accusatory in nature, and could have any multitude of endings. The workers fear their employers coming to call on them for any wrongs they may, or may not, have done. It also leaves one with the idea that the worker is used as a scapegoat for mistakes made by the employers or their children. The ‘heading’ of the fourth stanza implies that the worker is one of the family, however the reality is shown to the reader in the lines that follow. The worker is only part of the family in terms of living on the property, they form part of the â€Å"outline† and are expected to be seen and not heard (â€Å"quietly†). The alliteration of the ‘s’, in this stanza almost makes it shout Shhhh. This idea takes us back to the last stanza where the worker was compared to a child (Chapman 2002: 446 line 10), and in the apartheid era, adults were of the idea that children were to be seen and not heard. Workers are there to be used as a tools to â€Å"sharpen the brilliance† of their employers houses and possessions. They are there to keep things â€Å"dust free†. The final aspect deals with the workers themselves. We are shown how the worker struggles ,â€Å"on heavy legs†, to hold up the â€Å"bridge† of the two sides to the their life. It reveals how, on the â€Å"right arm†, the workers care for their employer’s families, animals and lifestyles, â€Å"supporting untold numbers of children and their parents, maltese poodles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chapman 2002: 446 line 23-24) This arm is referred to as â€Å"strong† which could imply that the work itself requires strength, or that being made to do work they do not eally enjoy, while being paid minimal salaries, requires that the worker have a strong mind and heart. The word â€Å"untold† in line23 lends to the idea that the worker has worked for many different families, and it could also indicate that they care for their own children as well as children in their communities. This was and still is quite common among many black families One woman will work to feed and cloth her sister’s children as well as her own. The other side of a workers life is portrayed as a â€Å"jointed†¦cracked wing† that is â€Å"reaching into the mist†. I have sat for quite some time trying to ascertain what Karen Press wanted to convey with these images, and to me personally, it is the dreams and hopes of the worker that were broken and had to be â€Å"jointed† to carry on into the unknown and unclear, â€Å"mist(y)† future. The dreams and hopes of the domestic worker are portrayed as the â€Å"nests† created by the pigeons, the â€Å"soft-throated rumblings† could be the inner voice of each worker protesting against being used and neglected, however these protests go unheard as they are â€Å"barely audible†. This for me again points back to the politics of the Apartheid era. The concerns and opinions of the black people were not heard or taken into account when making decisions for the country and government. The poem, in its course, challenges the conventional forms of poetry to construct a lyrically intense piece of literature in which Karen Press is able to convey the emotions and feelings of a subjugated people. Bibliography Byrne, Deirdre. 005. English Studies: Themes in English language Studies. Study guide for ENN311M. Pretoria: University of South Africa Byrne, Deirdre. 2005. Themes in English language Studies. Tutorial letter 101 for ENN311M. Pretoria: University of South Africa Chapman, M, ed. 2002 (reprinted 2008). A New Century of South African Poetry. Cape Town: Jonathan Ball (reprint of 2002 Ad Donker edition). Rena Korb, 2001. Short Stories for Students, GaleGroup, 2001